Stimulants

Stimulants are drugs that stimulate the Central Nervous System. These substances tend to increase alertness and physical activity. They include Amphetamines, Cocaine, Crack and some inhalants like Amyl or Butyl Nitrites. Caffeine (present in tea, coffee and many soft drinks) is also a mild stimulant drug.

Which stimulants are abused?

The most widely abused stimulants are cocaine, crack (a pure form of cocaine) and amphetamines. Cocaine has limited commercial use and its sale and possession are strictly controlled. Nevertheless there is a huge worldwide illicit network for the manufacture and supply of this drug in its various forms. Doctors sometimes prescribe pharmaceutical amphetamines and their availability makes them candidates for misuse but powdered amphetamine, manufactured in illicit laboratories, is the most common type of amphetamine to be abused in the UK. Inhalants such as amyl and butyl nitrates are legal at present. Because of their very short action time – the effect lasts approximately 1-2 minutes – they are usually only abused in certain settings, such as parties etc.

What do they look like?

Stimulants appear in many forms. Pharmaceutical amphetamines are usually produced as pills or capsules, whereas street amphetamines come in the form of a fine, white dull powder. Inhalants can be prescribed or purchased in small glass vials which are crushed to release the vaporising fluid inside, or in small bottles. Cocaine is a relatively fine, white crystalline powder. Crack is seen as cloudy white crystals that are irregular and fairly large (pea-sized).

What are the effects of stimulants?

Different stimulants act on the body in different ways. For example, nitrate inhalants cause the blood vessels to dilate (widen); cocaine and crack interfere with normal levels of the neurotransmitter serotin; amphetamines cause the release of adrenalin. Nevertheless, broadly speaking all these stimulants have a similar effect in that they cause either mental and/or physical stimulation in the user. This may be felt as apparent increased physical energy and/or apparent clarity and speed of thought.

A note on caffeine Caffeine is a mild stimulant that has the effect of making a person feel more awake and alert. Tea, coffee and soft drinks are the three major sources of caffeine, although it can also be purchased in tablet form. Each cup of coffee can provide approximately between 65mg to 115mg of caffeine, a cup of tea usually has about 60mg of caffeine in it and a soft drink contains between 30mg and 60mg of caffeine. Too much caffeine can cause anxiousness, headaches, the ‘jitters’ and may prevent sleep. Caffeine is also addictive and a person who abruptly stops drinking coffee may experience withdrawal symptoms.

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